welcome to

Solar cycle 25

-INTRODUCTION -

  Solar Proton events and their terrestrial "coincidences" resp. effects.

SoHO Lasco 2 almost real time image of solar corona

This blog will continue the documentary solar and terrestrial blog on my website universal- news.de with a new version  also compatible with smart phones. Click here to get to my previous reports on universal-news.de

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NASA/ SDO/ The Sun Now

https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/images

Sunspot		Heliophysics
(wikipedia) Sunspots are phenomena on the Sun's photosphere that appear as temporary spots that are darker than the surrounding areas. They are regions of reduced surface temperature caused by concentrations of magnetic flux that inhibit convection. Sunspots appear within active regions, usually in pairs of opposite magnetic polarity.[2] Their number varies according to the approximately 11-year solar cycle.
Morphology
(wikipedia): Sunspots have two main structures: a central umbra and a surrounding penumbra. The umbra is the darkest region of a sunspot and is where the magnetic field is strongest and approximately vertical, or normal, to the Sun's surface, or photosphere. The umbra may be surrounded completely or only partially by a brighter region known as the penumbra.[22] The penumbra is composed of radially elongated structures known as penumbral filaments and has a more inclined magnetic field than the umbra.[23] Within sunspot groups, multiple umbrae may be surrounded by a single, continuous penumbra.
Solar cycle
(wikipedia)The solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface. Over the period of a solar cycle, levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation from a period of minimum activity to a period of a maximum activity back to a period of minimum activity.
Solar particle event
wikipedia)In solar physics, a solar particle event (SPE), also known as a solar energetic particle (SEP) event or solar radiation storm,[a][1] is a solar phenomenon which occurs when particles emitted by the Sun, mostly protons, become accelerated either in the Sun's atmosphere during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by a coronal mass ejection shock. Other nuclei such as helium and HZE ions may also be accelerated during the event. These particles can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field and cause partial ionization of the ionosphere. Energetic protons are a significant radiation hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.
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